Understanding Political Theories: Realism, Liberalism, and Marxism

I have a Bachelor’s degree in History and Political Science as well as two Master’s degrees in International Relations and International Law. What I find incredibly interesting are the evolutions and developments which have lead to the various political systems at play in our world today. The objective of this lesson is to introduce students to the concepts of political theories and provide an understanding of the key theories of Realism, Liberalism, and Marxism.

Around the globe there are different perspectives on how societies should be organized and how decisions should be made. Realism focuses on power and security within international relations. This theory suggests that countries act in their own self-interests to seek to maximize their own power to ensure their own security and survival. Realists view the international system as chaotic and run by competition, meaning that countries must prioritize their own national interests.

Liberalism, however, values freedom, individual rights and cooperation between countries. International cooperation and international institutions and integral to promote peace and prosperity among nations. Liberalists emphasize the role of diplomacy and negotiation to resolve conflicts and benefit the greater good of all.

Lastly, Marxism emphasizes equality and fairness within a society. Developed by Karl Max and Friedrich Engels, Marxism argues that societies are divided into social classes. It advocates for a classless society where the means of production are collectively owned. Ultimately, Marxism seeks to address social and economic inequality by advocating for the redistribution of wealth and the abolition of exploitation.