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Krebs Cycle Summary:
Location: Mitochondria.
Entry Point: Acetyl-CoA (derived from pyruvate).
Key Steps:
1.Formation of Citrate:
Reactants: Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate.
Product: Citrate.
Enzyme: Citrate synthase.
2.Isomerization to Isocitrate:
Reactant: Citrate.
Product: Isocitrate.
Enzyme: Aconitase.
3.First Oxidation and Decarboxylation:
Reactant: Isocitrate.
Products: α-Ketoglutarate, CO₂, NADH.
Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase.
4.Second Oxidation and Decarboxylation:
Reactant: α-Ketoglutarate.
Products: Succinyl-CoA, CO₂, NADH.
Enzyme: α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
5.Conversion to Succinate:
Reactant: Succinyl-CoA.
Product: Succinate, ATP (or GTP).
Enzyme: Succinyl-CoA synthetase.
6.Oxidation to Fumarate:
Reactant: Succinate.
Product: Fumarate, FADH₂.
Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase.
7.Hydration to Malate:
Reactant: Fumarate.
Product: Malate.
Enzyme: Fumarase.
8.Oxidation to Oxaloacetate:
Reactant: Malate.
Products: Oxaloacetate, NADH.
Enzyme: Malate dehydrogenase.
Outputs per Acetyl-CoA:
ATP (or GTP): 1
NADH: 3
FADH₂: 1
CO₂: 2
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Key Steps:
1.Formation of Citrate:
2.Isomerization to Isocitrate:
3.First Oxidation and Decarboxylation:
4.Second Oxidation and Decarboxylation: 5.Conversion to Succinate:
6.Oxidation to Fumarate:
7.Hydration to Malate:
8.Oxidation to Oxaloacetate:........
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