Dyslexia and ESL: Gearshift from coping to success

Dyslexia, a neurodevelopment disorder affecting reading and language processing, can complicate the process of acquiring a new language.  In this blog, we will explore the unique challenges faced by individuals with dyslexia when learning English as a second language, and explore the strategies I use to overcome them.

1) Phonological Awareness

One of the core difficulties experienced by individuals with dyslexia is phonological awareness, which involves recognizing and manipulating the sounds of language. English, with its complex phonology and irregular spelling patterns, can pose a significant challenge. Dyslexic learners may struggle with correctly pronouncing words, distinguishing between similar sounds (e.g., "th" and "s" sounds), and decoding unfamiliar words, making reading and listening comprehension difficult.

Solution: To address phonological challenges, visual and sensual aids are a useful adjunct to phonics instruction.  Of course, there is no escape from the need to practice, practice and practice again, using engaging exercises!

2) Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension is often a stumbling block for individuals with dyslexia. The English language's inconsistent spelling and the prevalence of homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings) can lead to confusion. Dyslexic learners may also experience difficulty in connecting written words to their spoken counterparts.

Solution: Strategies such as reading aloud, breaking text into smaller chunks, and using text-to-speech technology can assist in improving reading comprehension. I try to provide simplified texts to gradually build confidence and competence.

3) Spelling Challenges

Spelling in English can be a minefield even for native speakers, and for individuals with dyslexia, it can feel like navigating through a labyrinth. The irregular spelling patterns can lead to frequent spelling errors, which can impact writing and communication skills.

Solution: Spelling drills, mnemonic devices, and the use of spell-checking software can be helpful tools. I find that by encouraging creative writing and focusing on conveying ideas, rather than perfect spelling, the learner grows in confidence and I can keep them engaged.

4) Vocabulary Expansion

Learning new words and their meanings is a fundamental aspect of acquiring a second language. For individuals with dyslexia, the process of vocabulary acquisition can be slower and more challenging. Remembering new words and their correct spellings can be particularly difficult.

Solution: Using visual aids, flashcards, and mnemonic techniques to associate words with images or stories can enhance vocabulary retention.  I often use contextual learning through reading and listening to stories, to help reinforce word meanings.  Follow the student's interests.  If they like rap music, work with music journal articles and song lyrics, for example.  The rhythms in songs and the rhyming spoken word are often helful in making words stick.

5) Working Memory and Processing Speed

Dyslexia often affects working memory and processing speed, which can hinder language learning. Tasks that require quick thinking and recalling information can be especially daunting for dyslexic learners when trying to engage in conversations or respond to questions in real-time.

Solution: Patience and repetition are key. I encourage learners to practice speaking and writing at their own pace and gradually build their confidence. I use visual aids, graphics, notes, and memory aids to support working memory.  For example using a one page graphic to summarise future tense forms and usage with examples is much easier for someone with dyslexia to absorb than pages of dense text.

6) Self-esteem and Motivation

The challenges associated with dyslexia in learning English as a second language can lead to diminished self-esteem and motivation. Frustration and a sense of inadequacy may develop, making it even more challenging to persevere in language learning.

Solution: A supportive learning environment, where learners are encouraged to embrace their unique strengths, can make a significant difference. Positive feedback is vital and we love to celebrate small victories to boost motivation.

Conclusion

Learning English as a second language can be a fulfilling journey for individuals with dyslexia, but it does come with its share of challenges. With the right strategies, support, and a patient approach, these individuals can overcome their difficulties and make meaningful progress in mastering the language.  By recognising and addressing these challenges, we can help individuals with dyslexia unlock their full potential and embrace the opportunities for borderless living and work, that come with bilingualism or multilingualism.